Tuesday, February 13, 2024

Gaza - Final Solution?

                                                                                                         B-H

Let me share a glimpse of my background. I was born and raised in a country with a unique history, a nation that endured the loss of its independence for an extended period, subjugated by various empires over time. This nation survived primarily through its literature and the preservation of its once-glorious past. Its people were seen as “messiah for nations”, revered by their most significant bards, almost like prophets to their fellow citizens.

These downtrodden masses faced numerous attempts to reclaim their independence, all of which were met with brutal persecution and oppression. Then, a miracle occurred—not so much as a supernatural event, but rather a fortunate alignment of historical circumstances and the lobbying efforts of advocates for this new country. Who can truly delineate where the natural ends and the supernatural begins?

Before this transformation, troops began to assemble, eventually evolving into a regular army. Armed conflicts ensued, but with support from Western governments, the country was established, and its administration took shape. A new era dawned for this once-oppressed nation, marking the beginning of its second republic.

While technically a democratic nation, there were always those "others" present. They had been there for a long time, yet their language and religion differed from ours. The nation sought unity, as its citizens were previously citizens of various countries. The presence of these "others" became a significant obstacle in this endeavor. Some advocated for their integration, while others favored separation. Ultimately, the latter prevailed, relegating the "others" to second-class citizens in the very land where they had lived for generations.

Externally, threats loomed. Neighboring countries were hostile, and from the outset, our nation had to engage in wars for its independence. We triumphed and expanded our territory, which brought more "others" into the fold, complicating the internal strife. However, the phenomenon of new nations gaining independence during that era was not entirely unique; it was, in fact, quite common. The prevalent situation during that period involved nations establishing strong military forces and shaping their identities around these armed services.

The soldier became the epitome of national pride, with elite army units representing the pinnacle of excellence. The might of the military was celebrated publicly, with media coverage highlighting the army's growth and patriotic literature gaining popularity. Military parades became a staple of public life, showcasing soldiers with their polished weapons and heavy military equipment, all for the masses to admire.

The public revered the military for its strength, discipline, and the synchronized movements of its marching troops. These soldiers were seen as heroes, capable of defending the homeland and vanquishing enemies. Military songs resonated with the troops, and their catchy melodies permeated the general populace, even reaching the "others," who adopted these tunes within their communities, as music knows no borders.

A spirit of love for the land flourished, fostering a willingness to sacrifice for the country, the state, and the soil—an ideal cultivated as the highest value of the nation. G-d Himself designated this land as a homeland. The military parade became a significant event in the life of cities and towns, serving as entertainment in an era when mass media was limited to print, with radio still out of reach for many. It was, aside from street performances and traveling theaters, perhaps the only visual entertainment available, especially in small towns.

The impact on the populace, particularly on boys of all ages, was profound. They aspired to emulate the admired soldiers they watched, while still often holding their fathers' hands. For those advocating for the integration of the "others" into society, enlisting their youth into the army was seen as a crucial step toward achieving that goal. Years of discipline and nationalistic indoctrination were believed to facilitate this integration.

Conversely, those opposed to integration viewed the existence of the "others" as a threat to national unity, seeking various obstacles to impede the process and advocating for the mass emigration of these "strangers." They considered themselves civilized and moral, insisting that any emigration be called voluntary.

Regardless, the frequent military parades served as preparatory tools for achieving national objectives. Janek (Yanek) and Franek stood on the sidewalk, watching the marching soldiers while holding their children. Nearby, Piotrek and Valenty observed from their porches, also with their families. The "others" were present too—Moishe with his sons and Yitzchok with his offspring—unaware that the parade impacted their children just as it did the children of their Polish neighbors.

If you haven't yet realized which country I refer to, it is Poland.

If it seems that another place resembles this narrative, if you got a filling that some other place looks like copy and paste…yeah, perhaps it was copied and pasted. Though I was born much later, I lived among people who shared stories of life in previous generations. I spoke with older Poles and interviewed many Polish Jews, capturing the reality I have described. You can conduct your own research to find not only written accounts but also pictorial evidence. The spirit of nationalism and militarism has dominated European philosophy for decades. Polish military parades were not the first to march through the streets of small towns.

When Zionist agitators arrived in cities and towns, they easily captured the attention and imagination of Jewish youth, presenting a new nationalist gospel. They promised not only land but also the opportunity to build it in a model familiar to the younger generation of Jews in Poland and other Central European nations—a nationalistic society centered around military strength, with the "others" merely existing to be treated similarly or worse than the Jewish population in Europe just before.

This ideology emerged among many others, where blood and soil were deemed superior to all else. At times, it appears that the Zionist state is a parody of other nationalistic countries in Central Europe. Their relentless pursuit of "Lebensraum" and "drang nach osten" reveals staggering similarities. It would be a parody if it were somehow diminished compared to its formidable predecessor, Nazi Germany, but at this moment, it stands on the same level or worse; it is merely European fascism that has outlasted any other fascist regime from its origin.

Yes, there are no gas chambers for the Palestinian people. Those who believe that Nazism began only after the Wannsee Conference know little about history and, quite frankly, lack compassion.

I am indifferent to what some readers of this essay may think or say about me.

Quite frankly – I don’t care.

Beezras Hashem, I have laid out my beliefs over the years on this blog and elsewhere. I have demonstrated my loyalty to Hashem, His Torah, and His people in a manner rare in this generation. Those who know me personally well understand this.

However, I cannot remain silent while my people spiral into madness. When my people lose their way, we all pay the price. Just read the Prophets; just read the Sages ZT’L. I cannot keep quiet now, as the original nationalistic secular ideology, by design, intertwines with messianic fervor, dulling the conscience shaped by thousands of years of moral and ethical study. Once again, in our history, we have lost our way by placing our hope in something other than HBH or, worse, using Him as a tool for a murderous ideology, reducing the Almighty G-d to a national trinket a getchke.

I joined the Children of Yisrael on the premise that, as Rav S.R. Hirsch states, it is the law that grants me citizenship, not citizenship that bestows rights. As a Jew, I possess the right to weep when I can no longer contain my voice and tears.

To those who cite Talmudic statements about the ger who aligns with enemies merely due to a sense of alliance, listen to me. Long before I formally converted to Judaism, I concluded that human life is of paramount value—more valuable than anything else in this earthly existence, more than prosperity, more than country and soil. Is this radical?

It was not to the Uvois (Avot) or to the holy men of our people. If you seek a deeper understanding of the value of human life according to the Torah, and if the commandment not to kill is insufficient, please refer to Rav Dessler's essay on the topic of suicide; it offers excellent explanations among others. Beezras Hashem, I will endeavor to revisit this topic in the future, exploring why life is superior to anything else.

I was relieved to escape the toxic mindset imposed on me since childhood. I was grateful to break free from the chains of patriotic thinking, where value lay in killing and sacrificing one's life and well-being for the idea of the country. If you believe that in Judaism, I am merely seeking validation for my preconceived notions, please consider this: around the same time in my life, I concluded that the fundamental powers of the human body, which can be exploited in any circumstance, should be confined to the family structure. Specifically, our sexual lives should occur solely between husband and wife. Yes, I later found this reflected in The Book and among those who live by it. But it was also preconceived. Why? It is part of my personal journey with Boire Oilom. Would anyone disregard that conviction simply because it developed long before I encountered the teachings of the Torah?

Despite the rampant antisemitism surrounding me, I was able to discern right from wrong. I sharpened my understanding of Tzedakah and Mishpat, largely on my own but with remarkable guidance from HBH. With that Divine guidance, I found people who valued life more than any other nation in the world. People who, as Rav Hirsch noted, had not shed human blood for nearly eighteen hundred years, often paying for this moral high ground with their own blood and that of their children. They resorted to self-defense only when necessary, refraining from waging war against any nation, as it is prohibited and a matter of the oath—a covenant with G-d imposed on the nation after the last revolt, as recorded in the Talmud.

With G-d’s guidance, I joined the people who gave the world the Law and conscience. Even though this Law calls for capital punishment, it has rarely been enacted for over two thousand years. The people of Yisrael, whose judges made every effort to preserve life, even when the criminal was undeniably guilty. Their ancient kings were judged not by the number of dead but by their fidelity to the Law. Even the one who inspired humanity with his timeless poetry was admonished by the prophet for shedding human blood—David HaMelech.

It took my entire youth to seek out and find the people of Tzedakah and Mishpat, and I solidified my convictions within the framework of Halacha. The circumstances were not favorable, but I joined the holy people of Yisrael and was embraced by them. All of them are my people—those in Mea Shearim or Monsey, and those in Givatayim or Varanasi. They are all my beloved brothers and sisters.

It tears my heart apart; I bleed and weep through sleepless nights, witnessing the state of my people today. It is not merely a matter of stealing from others in a frenzy of nationalism; it is not just the ongoing bloodshed and harm to the dignity and well-being of others to establish and maintain the state. It is also the dehumanization of the "others," akin to what Europeans inflicted upon Jews over millennia, culminating in the Holocaust. As the wise say, dehumanizing others dehumanizes us equally. Violence inevitably follows.

Now, we witness grotesque and unprecedented violence. If anyone wishes to understand why I use such language, I invite you to read my other essays. They will help clarify my sources—the spiritual ones.

For most of my life, I believed that religion elevates a person above spiritual indifference. I will not delve into the debate over the causes of past wars and bloodshed, as I am acutely aware of how emotional issues surrounding our beliefs can be manipulated by the rulers and politicians of this world. This is not the time for that.

I once believed that religion instills values otherwise absent from a person's conscience. Yes, I recognize that an agnostic can possess moral convictions that may place them in a better moral position than someone who identifies as religious. However, I grapple with this notion today. What if someone commits crimes out of love for the Supreme or superior values as they perceive them? The Torah is clear on this matter, but evidently not to all my coreligionists.

Should I tell them to abandon their religion if it instructs them to kill, steal, mistreat, create widows and orphans, treat humans as cattle or subjects, and support the atrocities we have endured throughout history? Should I urge them to renounce it and instead become nonbelievers if it saves a life? The prevalence of this crime and the associated falsehoods are apparent to everyone, including those we have hastily labeled as antisemites. Because, in addition to the natural, Divinely imprinted sense of justice, we have taught them "right and wrong" over millennia.

To those who approach me with the usual lines and talking points, please do not attempt to gaslight me with "self-defense," Amalek, and other nonsense. Anyone familiar with Zionist ideology from its inception knows that the conquest, control, and expulsion of the indigenous population from Palestine were integral to that ideology. A few exceptions existed where some Zionists proposed peaceful coexistence with the indigenous and neighboring peoples, like Martin Buber, but ultimately, even he—a prominent European philosopher—was marginalized and ostracized by the Zionist establishment.

There are sources to learn from—not from late apologists of that ideology but from its early writers and ideologists. Do not fear; their writings will not diminish you if you already support any actions of the Zionist state. If you believe that any of these actions, please your god, I think I can say this: leave him and first become human, as Rav Hirsch advises.

“Now, had Scripture not told us here that Avraham was ninety nine old when the covenant of Milah - which is the founding covenant of Judaism - was established with him, we would have thought that all of Avraham's virtues, of which we have learned until now, were the result of the covenant established with him in his youth, and that the whole flowering of this covenant consisted in these virtues. In fact, however, they all preceded the covenant of Milah. The full attainment of purely humane virtues preceded the mitzvah stated here: וֶהְיֵ֥ה תָמִֽים . The covenant of Avraham is a higher perfection of the humane virtues. The inference is twofold: On the one hand, "Be a mensch, a decent human being, before you attempt to be a Jew." First acquire all the humane virtues; only then can you become a Jew. On the other hand, you are not yet a Jew if you have reached only the level attained by Avraham until this point. A person who is compassionate, forgiving, and benevolent qualities demonstrated by Avraham until this point is merely the embodiment of the ideal Noachide.”

To regain your status as a Jew, one must engage deeply with the teachings and commentaries of our tradition. Following this essay, I will present extensive quotations and analyses from Hirsch’s Chumash. While some may argue that Hirsch's opinions are merely his own and that there are numerous commentaries offering alternative perspectives, it is essential to recognize the principle of Ailu Ve Ailu. However, in my understanding, one Ailu can often be reconciled with another.

There are also opinions that, while recorded, were never accepted, and others that are outright heretical. Hirsch’s Hashkafa stands out for its clarity and its ability to align with all Divrey Chazal, to the best of my knowledge.

For the sake of argument, let us hypothetically consider that what he writes may be beyond the pale—ideas that cannot be taken seriously because they contradict other logical interpretations based on Scripture and Divrey Chazal. It is indeed true that this Holy Book has been misused by dictators and murderers throughout history to justify their heinous acts. Some liken it to a fiddle, which can be played to produce any melody one desires. It is a fact that pasukim can be manipulated, taken out of context, and distorted into a scriptural Frankenstein to support every conceivable sin.

Ultimately, how one utilizes the Torah reveals more about the individual than about the Torah itself. If anyone, regardless of their stature, presents a "logic" that contradicts the ideas expressed below, I would prefer to stand "wrong" with Hirsch rather than be "right" with the majority.

Genesis chapter 12

Avraham appears merely as an individual who is told: "Go your own way, dare to be alone." In verse 2- וְאֶֽעֶשְׂךָ֙ לְג֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל the nation already appears, but not yet in the context of interaction with other nations. Then, verse 3וַאֲבָֽרְכָה֙ shows Israel in its relationship with other nations: The blessing of Avraham is made dependent on others blessing him, and there are also those who dare to curse him.

Avraham's task was to isolate himself, to walk alone with God. The second stage was the creation of a nation out of this Avraham. It was destined to become apparent that the existence of this nation is a second act of creation by God in history, and toward this end it was necessary that Israel become a nation only by way of Golus (exile) and Geirus (homelessness), without a homeland. Had Israel, from the very beginning, dwelled in its own land, its creation would not have appeared as אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִֽים or as  מעשה ה'

וַאֲגַדְּלָ֖ה שְׁמֶ֑ךָ "And I wish to make your name great." Scripture does not say: "I will make your name great." God can bless people and nations, but He can only wish that they will attain moral virtue and that their deeds will be exemplary, for that depends on their faithfulness to the Divine Law. Similarly, Scripture does not say והיית ברכה or ותהיה ברכה "And you will be a blessing" but, rather: " וֶהְיֵ֖ה בְּרָכָֽה "Become a blessing." These two Hebrew words capsulize the whole moral mission on whose accomplishment the fulfillment of God's own wish depends: "I wish to your name great; therefore, you, become a blessing! I wish to make of you a nation that will be a beacon to the nations, a nation to which the others need only look in order to become aware of their own tasks. And the task that is assigned to you as distinct from the aspirations of all other nations - is: to become a blessing!" Everyone aspires, not להיות ברכה but להיות ברוכים to be blessed. This is the aspiration of every person and especially of every nation. Honesty, humanity, and love are duties incumbent upon the individual, but are regarded as folly in relations between nations and are viewed as unimportant by statesmen and politicians. Individuals are imprisoned and hanged for the crimes of fraud and murder, but countries murder and defraud on a grand scale, and those who murder and defraud "in the interest of the state" are decorated and rewarded.

Not like these is the portion of Avraham. The nation of Avraham is to have no national politics and no national economics. The One Who guaranteed its national welfare does not need to allocate funds, form coalitions, or conclude treaties. At His command are rain and sunshine, strength and life, power and victory. אִם־בְּחֻקֹּתַ֖י תֵּלֵ֑כוּ then all will go well. In the midst of a world where mankind's stated aim is וְנַֽעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֖נוּ שֵׁ֑ם and its ambition is to increase its power and extend its domain no matter what the cost, the nation of Avraham is in private and public life to heed only one call: to be a Blessing. Its life is to be devoted to the Divine aims of bringing harmony to mankind and to the world and restoring man to his former glory.

Then God will grant this nation His blessing for a life of dynamic action. Its name will become prominent among the nations, so that they, too, should be educated to these same aspirations: וַאֲבָ֣רֶכְךָ֔ וַאֲגַדְּלָ֖ה שְׁמֶ֑ךָ

This second stage of Jewish history, the creation of a nation out of Avraham, was to have become a reality in ארץ ישראל. There, Israel would live apart from the nations. Not only would Israel be blessed, but blessing would spring from Israel; Israel would become a source of blessing וַיִּשְׁכֹּן֩ יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל בֶּ֤טַח בָּדָד֙ עֵ֣ין יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב (Devarim 33:28). Had we been worthy, all the promises to us that are to be fulfilled at the end of the days, would have been fulfilled thousands of years ago, and the whole course of human history would have been radically different.

It appears, though, that this first promise to Avraham (vv. 1-3) alludes to a third stage. We have already noted that the form וַאֲגַדְּלָ֖ה is expressive of a wish; for the realization of the second stage does not depend on God alone. Verse 3 appears to allude to a third stage in which Avraham's people - its blessing or curse are dependent on man, a stage in which man has the power to bless them or to curse them. This is the stage of גלות which was decreed to befall this people if they would forget their mission and seek - like the other nations להיות ברוכים instead of להיות ברכה

In the stage of גלות the people of Israel are subject to the nations and dependent on them, for blessing or curse. Of this stage Avraham is told: וַאֲבָֽרְכָה֙ מְבָ֣רְכֶ֔יךָ. That is to say, those who bless you and help you, who value your principles and submit to the service of your God I those will I bless. “

“Yet another truth was revealed here to Avraham. He came face to face with a reality that concerned his people in particular. In the land promised to him as the future homeland of his people, the first trial he faced was famine, and the second was war! The land does not, by its very nature, provide material prosperity and political independence. In both these respects, the land of Israel is the antithesis of Egypt. The land is dependent on heaven for its fertility, and its political position is one of dependence; it cannot offer resistance to a foreign invader. In and of itself, the land of Israel is prone to famine and political dependence. Since it is situated at the crossroads where Europe, Asia and Africa meet, all the major wars that have shaken the world have inflicted severe damage upon it.

But precisely for this reason it was chosen. Had Israel built a holy life on this land, no foe would have dared to approach its borders. Three times each year the borders of the land would have been left undefended and vulnerable, yet no one would have covetingly touched the land (see Shemos 34:24). All the countries of the world would have fought one another and passed near Israel's land, but no sword would have entered this most prosperous yet most defenseless of lands וְנָתַתִּ֤י שָׁלוֹם֙ בָּאָ֔רֶץ וּשְׁכַבְתֶּ֖ם וְאֵ֣ין מַחֲרִ֑יד וְהִשְׁבַּתִּ֞י חַיָּ֤ה רָעָה֙ מִן־הָאָ֔רֶץ וְחֶ֖רֶב לֹא־תַעֲבֹ֥ר בְּאַרְצְכֶֽם׃ (Vayikra 26:6). Then all the nations of the world would have seen with their own eyes: "God is there!" God is the stronghold of Zion; His deliverance stands in place of wall and bulwark אֱלֹהִ֥ים בְּאַרְמְנוֹתֶ֗יהָ נוֹדַ֥ע לְמִשְׂגָּֽב׃ (Tehillim 48:4) יְשׁוּעָ֥ה יָשִׁ֖ית חוֹמ֥וֹת וָחֵֽל׃ (Yeshayahu 26:1). All the prophets' promises for the future would have been fulfilled thousands of years ago; Zion would have shone forth as a light unto the nations, and the peoples would have said: "Let us go with you, for we have seen that God is with you" (Zecharyah 8:23).”

Friday, June 2, 2023

Scientific Method


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 B-H

What is the scientific method?

Every day, we are inundated with media statements about what "scientists think" on a vast range of topics. The message often seems to be that if scientists say something, it is an indisputable truth. We've seen this particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

At one point, many of us accepted that explanations provided by certain authorities or groups were final. Questioning them was seen as backward, even unscientific. However, I don’t want to delve into the specifics of COVID-19 here—perhaps that’s a discussion for another time. What I aim to explore is the perception of science itself and how we understand its role in our lives.

Of course, this is merely my personal perspective, though I welcome anyone who shares similar views to join the conversation.

To begin, let’s start with a basic definition. I’ll reference Wikipedia briefly at the start, but I encourage you to explore the full article for a more comprehensive understanding.

“The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries; see the article history of scientific method for additional detail.) It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; the testability of hypotheses, experimental and the measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.”

The definition presented is compelling, particularly the notion that our cognitive assumptions can distort our interpretation of observations. However, what if multiple individuals, rather than just one, are ensnared by these cognitive assumptions? What if bias is an inherent byproduct of our worldview, preventing any seemingly contradictory ideas from penetrating our minds, which may mistakenly consider themselves independent and unbiased?

What if scientific observations cannot be interpreted objectively? What if the peer review system is compromised, with participants sharing a common worldview that skews cognitive abilities into assumptions? What if researchers, whose livelihoods depend on conforming to a specific narrative, find themselves trapped in this cycle?

What if narratives serve as self-serving tools that keep our conscience dormant? What if "science" evolves into a "beautiful idea of design without a Designer"?

Rather than addressing each question individually, I will provide examples where proven scientific observations contradict established scientific hypotheses. No consensus or peer review can persuade me to accept something that has been demonstrated through the scientific method as impossible.

Let’s begin with the concept of entropy. To illustrate, I will reference the beginning of an article from Wikipedia.

“Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the microscopic description of nature in statistical physics, and to the principles of information theory. It has found far-ranging applications in chemistry and physics, in biological systems and their relation to life, in cosmology, economics, sociology, weather scienceclimate change, and information systems including the transmission of information in telecommunication.”

Everything made of matter eventually disintegrates, from biological organisms to individual atoms that over time transform into sub-particles of energy. This phenomenon occurs in both closed and open systems. The only instance where matter becomes more complex is through the emergence of life and the processes that sustain it. Once the life force departs from an organism, entropy sets in. Over time, what was once a living entity reverts to simple matter and ultimately energy.

I won't burden you with intricate computations or mathematics, as that is beyond my expertise. Many mathematicians and physicists have tackled this subject, some of whom can explain it in a way that is accessible to laypeople like myself, allowing for understanding through empirical observation.

Entropy is a concept we observe in life and in laboratory settings. Yet, in a galaxy far, far away, we are told that the opposite is occurring. Cosmic dust coalesces to form celestial bodies, with molecules spontaneously gathering to create planets, stars, and galaxies. This is how the universe has come into being.

Can this process be observed? Certainly, we can see that the world exists. Therefore, if it does not persist in its current form indefinitely, as was believed just a few decades ago, there must be a force in the universe that drives the transformation from simple to complex. However, what we observe is just the reverse process! This is where the leap of faith becomes relevant.

We witness the 'complex' devolving into the 'simple,' yet we are asked to accept the notion that somehow the 'simple' evolves into the 'complex' through a spontaneous process governed by unknown sources and laws. This perspective is convenient, as it allows us to claim that design emerged without a Designer. Any alternative suggestion is considered taboo. Is it not interesting that 'taboo' is a term often associated with religion?

 

Another example:

“Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation. Under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences, his experiment demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks, nothing ever developed; conversely, in sterilized but open flasks, microorganisms could grow.”(Wikipedia)

Abiogenesis is fundamentally impossible. Louis Pasteur was a remarkable scientist whose contributions saved millions of lives through vaccines and medical innovations that prevented early deaths from various diseases. He developed methods that effectively preserved life, employing rigorous scientific techniques. One of his significant achievements was conclusively demonstrating that life does not arise spontaneously from an inorganic matter. This principle has become an established axiom, widely accepted without the need for peer review. No rational individual would contest this truth, as it is not merely a matter of opinion or belief, but a verified fact of nature.

Despite this, we are told that life on our planet originated in a manner that contradicts Pasteur's findings and the scientific consensus that has followed. While science presents one perspective, the "scientific hypothesis" suggests an opposing narrative.

Now, let me share a story from my favorite anti-Darwinian mathematician, David Berlinski. Before that, I will refer to another work, "The Origin of Speeches" by Isaac E. Mozeson.

“Any studies considered anti-Darwinian will guarantee no tenure or employment according to the strict code of Academic Freedom.”

To gain a deeper understanding of "academic freedom," consider researching David Berlinski. Below is the anticipated narrative by Berlinski, extracted from "The Deniable Darwin."

“Postscript: On the Derivation of Ulysses from Don Quixote IMAGINE THIS STORY BEING told to me by Jorge Luis Borges one evening in a Buenos Aires cafe. His voice dry and infinitely ironic, the aging, nearly blind literary master observes that "the Ulysses," mistakenly attributed to the Irish-man James Joyce, is in fact derived from "the Quixote." I raise my eyebrows. Borges pauses to sip discreetly at the bitter coffee our waiter has placed in front of him, guiding his hands to the saucer. "The details of the remarkable series of events in question may be found at the University of Leiden," he says. "They were conveyed to me by the Freemason Alejandro Ferri in Montevideo." Borges wipes his thin lips with a linen handkerchief that he has withdrawn from his breast pocket. "Asyou know," he continues, "the original handwritten text of the Quixote was given to an order of French Cistercians in the autumn of 1576." I hold up my hand to signify to our waiter that no further service is needed. "Curiously enough, for none of the brothers could read Spanish, the Order was charged by the Papal Nuncio, Ho yo dos Monterrey (a man of great refinement and implacable will), with the responsibility for copying the Quixote, the printing press having then gained no currency in the wilderness of what is now known as the department of Auvergne. Un-able to speak or read Spanish, a language they not unreasonably detested, the brothers copied the Quixote over and over again, re-creating the text hut, of course, compromising it as well, and so inadvertently discovering the true nature of authorship. Thus they created Fernando Lor's Los Hombres d'Estado in 1585 by means of a singular series of copying errors, and then in 1654 Juan Luis Samorza's remarkable epistolary novel Po;- Favor by the same means, and then in 1685, the errors having accumulated sufficiently to change Spanish into French, Moliere's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, their copying continuous and indefatigable, the work handed down from generation to generation as a sacred but secret trust, so that in time the brothers of the monastery, known only to members of the Bourbon house and, rumor has it, the Englishman and psychic Conan Doyle, copied into creation Stendhal's The Red and the Black and Flaubert's Madame Bovary, and then as a result of a particularly significant series of errors, in which French changed into Russian, Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Anna Karenina. Late in the last decade of the nineteenth century there suddenly emerged, in English, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, and then the brothers, their numbers reduced by an infectious disease of mysterious origin, finally copied the Ulysses into creation in 1902, the manuscript lying neglected for almost thirteen years and then mysteriously making its way to Paris in 1915, just months before the British attack on the Somme, a circumstance whose significance remains to be determined." I sit there, amazed at what Borges has recounted. "Is it your under-standing, then," I ask, "that every novel in the West was created in this way?" "Of course," replies Borges imperturbably. Then he adds: "Although every novel is derived directly from another novel, there is really only one novel, the Quixote."

I appreciate the story crafted by a mathematician and narrated by a renowned writer. It is hard to believe it is true. No scientific method was required or employed—just straightforward observation and simple analysis. We just KNOW that this story CANNOT be true.

From a mathematical perspective, the DNA of an amoeba is millions of times more complex than all those remarkable literary works. Yet, we are told that DNA code formed itself through a series of mistakes during a slow transformation, leading to existence of Darwin and his followers.

Oh, woe is me, a man of no faith!

It is not that I require a Designer in the equation of life; life itself is a testament to His Name and His love! I don’t believe – I Know.

 

Now, let us delve into a bit of history. Unlike Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and even Biology, History relies more on research than on scientific methods. Indeed, the conclusions drawn from partial observations in History cannot be treated in the same manner as scientific conclusions.

The Jewish people are not only observers and preservers of history but also significant actors within it. Our sages have received and developed rigorous tools for preserving the knowledge passed down through generations. They acknowledge that some content has been lost amid the turbulence of Jewish history, which is precisely why, during many crucial moments, the Law and its context—i.e., history—were preserved in written form.

 

Jews utilized the alphabet earlier than any other nation in the world. Yet, this fact is often overlooked by those who cloak themselves in the guise of science.

Gretz and Wellhausen arrive, welcomed with eager eyes and thirsty ears, and their every folly is published under their names. Consequently, they inspire thousands of imitators and followers.

It goes without saying that most of these individuals possess limited skills in the Hebrew language and methodology, not to mention their ideological biases.

Bias—why does it all boil down to bias? Why is there seemingly a single underlying ideology across these subjects? Why does it appear that a significant portion of what is deemed science, which has undeniably enriched humanity—such as Pasteur's contributions to saving and extending the lives of millions, if not billions—seems to be focused on discrediting Jewish history and worldview, or at least undermining or compromising it?

Who decided, and when, that science must be atheistic? As if accepting the idea of Creation by a Creator would render the invention of penicillin or smartphones impossible.

Science and the scientific method were not atheistic from their inception in the 17th century; this shift occurred only in the latter half of the 18th century. This historical fact alone indicates that the exclusion of Creation from “science” is unrelated to the essence of Science itself. Instead, it was ideological bias that fueled the ongoing conflict of “science” against Creation.

But why?

I believe I have found the answer. It seems quite evident if you are honest with yourself.

And no, I will not conclude this essay with my own convictions, which may already be apparent. I will leave you with the freedom to conduct your own analysis.


Jews in Ghetto

 


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       B-H

A Few Reflections on My 57th Birthday and the Warsaw Ghetto

A few days ago, on May 16, 2023, or the 25th of Iyar in the Hebrew calendar, I turned 57. My Hebrew birthday, fell just one day after my solar birthday, marking the moment when Earth was in the same position in its orbit around the sun as it was on the day I was born.

As I was scrolling through a Polish newspaper, as I often do to gather information from various sources and perspectives, I came across an article commemorating the last day of the Warsaw Ghetto. The piece featured several images from the infamous chronicle of Jürgen Stroop, the Nazi officer responsible for the liquidation of the Ghetto, along with a reminder of the basic facts about the Ghetto and the uprising by its remaining inhabitants.

Many of these images are well-known, even iconic, in Holocaust and WWII historiography. Among them was one I had seen countless times before: a group of Hasidic Jews standing before Nazi soldiers.

What I didn’t realize, or what I hadn’t fully comprehended before, was that this particular photograph was taken around May 16, 1943—just days before the Ghetto’s destruction.

The realization struck me deeply, and I couldn’t shake it. The image of these Hasidic Jews, standing in the final days of the Ghetto, stayed with me longer than a day—almost obsessively. This was a community caught at the end of an unimaginable tragedy, in the final days of a war that had already annihilated so much. In those final days, the Ghetto was no longer the home to an almost half-million-strong Jewish population. Of the initial number, over 300,000 had already perished in the gas chambers and crematoria of the Treblinka death camp, part of the Nazi "death industrial complex."

I think I’ve already described my personal discovery of the Holocaust in my book, but since it’s currently unavailable, I’ll briefly recount it here.

Growing up in 1970s Poland was, in many ways, a blissful childhood. We weren’t taught much about the large Jewish population that had coexisted with us for over a thousand years. In fact, I didn’t know about it at all—not my generation. Poland had once been home to one of the largest Jewish populations in Europe, with Jews making up about 8-10% of the population for centuries. Yet, the trauma of WWII overshadowed any meaningful education about Jews, their culture, or their history in our schools. Nearly every Polish family had lost someone during the war, with personal stories of suffering, death, and slavery under the Nazi regime. My own maternal grandfather had survived a gunshot wound to the chest, thanks only to a thick ID booklet he carried. My paternal grandfather, along with his two brothers, was murdered at Mauthausen.

What we didn’t realize at the time was that the Jewish people had faced an entirely different, far more tragic fate. For many Jews, surviving the war, even one member of a family, would have been an extraordinary rarity. If multiple family members survived, it was nothing short of a miracle.

At the age of 19, I learned the full extent of the Holocaust. By then, I was already a student of the Bible, and had recently become the youngest clergyman in my religious denomination. It was at this time that I began to grasp the profound tragedy of the Jewish people’s fate during the war. In 1985, French filmmaker Claude Lanzman released his nine-hour documentary Shoah, which would be instrumental in deepening my understanding of the Holocaust. In Poland, the state-controlled TV aired two hours of the film, primarily to show how it portrayed some Polish collaboration with Nazi forces. The documentary, which was shown in select cities, further fueled my awareness of the horrors that took place during those years.

Watching Shoah changed my perspective forever. I remember going to the screening, as a young person eager to understand the truth of what happened, though I wasn’t a journalist and had no particular access. The film’s portrayal of the systematic extermination of the Jewish people left a lasting imprint on me. It was not just the physical killing but the calculated dehumanization and moral degradation that stunned me.

Polish state TV disclosed two hours of experts from the film in order to show that the film is anti-Polish for in hours of interviews with survivors, perpetrators, collaborators and heroes, there were some parts of the documentary indicating collaboration of some Polish individuals or groups with German nazis.

The Polish nation is still struggling with this topic.

Historians have long pointed out that the Holocaust stands out because of its unprecedented scale and efficiency. The Nazis had created a "death industry," making use of modern technology and bureaucratic organization to carry out mass murder. This was a new level of cruelty in human history.

For thousands of years, Jews had adhered to the teachings of the Torah, believing in a divine, spiritual connection to the Creator. But the rise of nationalism in Europe two centuries ago introduced a new, dangerous ideology: the idea of defining nations through blood, language, and land. For the Nazis, this meant reducing Jews to an inferior race—a view that ultimately led to the horror of the Holocaust.

It was the Shoah documentary that first brought the topic of Jews in Poland to the forefront. For several more years, Poland remained under communist rule, with censorship still in place, yet the conversation gradually became more open.

In the years that followed, Jews were rediscovered as an integral part of Polish history, and this rediscovery was not viewed negatively. The younger generation of Poles was increasingly willing to acknowledge the part of the population that had, at times, openly collaborated with the Nazis, as well as the far more widespread passive indifference of the majority. By the time I was living in the United States, a nationalist movement had reemerged in Poland, sometimes in mild forms, other times in more extreme manifestations. Curiously, this movement found some common ground with the Israeli government and Zionist ideology.

However, in the second half of the 1980s, some books on Jewish topics began to be published. Holocaust history, though crucial, was not the direct catalyst for my eventual decision to convert to Judaism. That process had begun much earlier, driven solely by my desire to connect with the Supreme One—a relationship as described and expressed in His Revelation.

Yet, discovering the scope and scale of the Holocaust, especially the fact that it occurred on the land of my youth and ancestry, was something no intellectually curious or sensitive person could ignore. I immersed myself in the subject, reading everything I could about holocaust and the Warsaw Ghetto. Warsaw was not my own city, but I was familiar with it.

I believe the first book I encountered on the topic was the diary of Henryk Makower, a doctor in the Ghetto’s Jewish Police. From there, I explored every memoir, diary, interview, and, eventually, Jürgen Stroop’s chronicle of the Ghetto’s destruction. Edition of his work, however, lacked photographs or, if they were included, they didn’t stand out in my memory.

Most of the material I came across was written by non-practicing Jews, including Marek Edelman, one of the leaders of the Ghetto uprising, who lived in Poland until his death in 2009. I pored over maps, timelines, and any available resources. But no matter how much I studied, it was clear that only a small fragment of the Ghetto’s reality could be understood. The horror that unfolded there is impossible to fully grasp.

Then came the Ghetto’s picture album, a powerful collection of images. One picture can convey more than a thousand words, and in this album, there were hundreds of such images. Many of them were taken by Nazis themselves, part of their antisemitic propaganda aimed at justifying the existence of the Ghetto and its brutal enclosures. Walls, after all, always require justification, while bridges are self-explanatory.

It became clear to me—and to many historians and sociologists—that the Nazis had a plan, and that plan was grounded in a disturbing social philosophy: "We are all animals—and Jews are no exception." The Nazis sought to destroy the Jewish claim to an angelic, spiritual essence within humanity. They aimed to shatter the notion of a divine connection between the Jewish people and the Supreme Creator. Darwin’s theories provided the foundation they needed, offering the "beautiful idea of design without the Designer," as they saw it.

From the very beginning, it was openly declared that Darwin had provided humanity with the “beautiful idea of design without the Designer.” The existence of Jews became the final obstacle on the path to a world free from guilt and moral responsibility. As outlined in Mein Kampf, Jews were said to have caused two scars on humanity: one on the male organ, symbolizing moral purity, and the other on human conscience—where the weak, sick, and underprivileged must be helped, rather than eliminated from existence or erased from view.

Nazi propaganda sought to reinforce this narrative. It portrayed humanity as merely a higher form of randomly evolved animals, where only the fittest and strongest survive, dominating and ultimately eliminating the weak. This, they argued, was the law of nature. The elimination of the “parasitic element,” namely Jews, was depicted as the righteous thing to do.

The Nazis insisted that Jews were not merely animals like themselves, but that in order to prove the superiority of their own race, it was necessary to eradicate both Jews and their ideology from the conscience of mankind. To achieve this, they created a multitude of propaganda films designed to portray Jews as deserving of their fate.

One such film was made in May 1942, just two months after the Wannsee Conference, where Nazi officials formalized the Endlösung—the Final Solution—to exterminate all Jews. Nazi filmmakers were sent to the Warsaw Ghetto to document the supposed inhumanity of its inhabitants. The resulting footage depicted the Jews as immoral and animalistic in their behavior. Some of the scenes were staged, while others documented the very real moral degradation that occurred within the Ghetto’s walls.

When basic human needs such as breathing are denied, survival instincts force people to act in ways that defy their inherent sense of rationality and dignity. You can label any kind of torture as “enhanced interrogation,” but it does not change the fundamental truth that denying someone the ability to breathe—denying the most basic instinct of survival—compels a person to behave in ways that strip them of their humanity.

The Nazis exploited this second instinct: the need for food. By cruelly depriving the Ghetto population of sustenance, they created horrific scenes for their propaganda films—scenes in which Jews were forced to engage in behaviors that, in any other time, they would have never considered. These were actions that violated their deeply ingrained conscience, shaped over millennia of tradition. The Nazis thought they had succeeded in their mission: they believed they had broken the spirit of the Ghetto’s inhabitants.

But the truth is, the horrific conditions of the Ghetto did not simply degrade its inhabitants. They tested the limits of human endurance, and for many, the Ghetto undermined, if not destroyed, their sense of humanity and their identity as Jews.

The film was made in May 1942, at a time when gas chambers were already under construction in Treblinka and other camps. The deportation from the Ghetto began on Tisha B'Av, 22 July 1942. Over the course of the summer, approximately 300,000 Jews were transported to Treblinka, where they were murdered.

Adolf Eichmann, may his name be erased, was responsible for overseeing the logistics of these deportations. In an act of cruel manipulation, the Nazis handed the task of selecting and organizing the quotas of people to the Judenrat—the Ghetto’s Jewish Council.

The head of the Judenrat, Adam Czerniaków, upon learning what was expected of him, chose to end his life by swallowing a cyanide pill. His successor, however, proved more compliant.

During the first wave of deportations, the Nazis targeted the “unproductive” elements of society: the sick, the elderly, the young, and the so-called “kley kodesh”—the rabbis, scholars, and spiritual leaders of the Jewish community, along with their families. Those who could prove their usefulness or skills were spared, but only for a short while, as long as the Third Reich deemed them of any value.

Some Jews, determined to survive, refused to register with the Judenrat and consequently were denied food rations. Without official registration, survival became almost impossible, and many perished from starvation.

By the fall of 1942, approximately 35,000 Jews remained in the Ghetto, forced to work as slave labor in the Nazi war effort. However, estimates suggest that between 20,000 and 25,000 additional Jews lived illegally within the Ghetto. These individuals survived, often against all odds, through a “smuggling economy” that became increasingly difficult to maintain as the Ghetto shrank and emptied.

On 19 April 1943, the first day of Passover, the Ghetto Uprising began.

I will not delve into the specifics of the Uprising itself, as it falls outside the scope of this discussion. Instead, I will return to the image with which I began this narrative.

The same group of holy tzaddikim—nothing less than malachim (angels) in human form—stood tall in defiance of the forces of evil, once again proving that the forces of darkness could never uproot the Torah from the hearts of the people of Torah. These were the men and women who, in the face of unspeakable horrors, preserved their identity, held onto their faith, and upheld their moral and spiritual convictions in the most dire of circumstances.

They were the ones who, at great personal risk, provided sustenance and strength to the Torah scholars, the Talmidei Chachamim.

There are dark chapters in human history and places so filled with evil that they are beyond comprehension. It is profoundly disturbing to reflect on these moments in time. But the Warsaw Ghetto stands as one of the darkest, most heart-wrenching of them all.

Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Chelmno… these places, like Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Dresden, Armenia, Cambodia, Rwanda—the list is endless—represent the physical annihilation of human beings by other humans. But the Ghetto, with its pervasive dehumanization and demoralization, symbolizes something far more insidious.

The Nazis sought to uproot the Divine from the human spirit, to reduce humanity's angelic potential to mere physicality or biology—according to their twisted vision of what it meant to be human.

In image above, Nazis saw the angels, yet they refused to bow.

Perhaps it requires one to be truly human, in the most profound sense, to recognize the Divine.


Religious Jews captured by the SS during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The original German caption reads: "Jewish rabbis."

From left to right are Rabbi Lipa Kaplan, Eliyahu Levin (son of Rabbi Hersh Henoch of Bedzin), Mendel Alter (son of Rabbi Nechemya Alter); Yankel Levin (son of Rabbi Mottel Levin of Lodz and grandson of the rabbi of Bedzin), unknown and Rabbi Heschel Rappaport, a Gerer Chassid and mentor to young Chassidim.

Photo Credit

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park

 

https://jewishaction.com/holocaust/the-warsaw-ghetto-an-eyewitness-account/


Thursday, September 8, 2022

Gorbatchev

                                                                                                                        B-H

Mikhail Gorbachev has many merits, but one stands out for me: if not for my desire to write a hesped (eulogy) for him, many of my other essays would have been left forgotten in the folder of my computer, never to be shared.

The last time I wrote a hesped for a political figure was for Vaclav Havel and Kim Jong Il, who passed away in the same week. That was years ago. I have no illusions now; I don’t think anyone is waiting for my essays, nor are people particularly curious about what Matys Weiser thinks about current events. There was a time, maybe ten years ago, when I was more active—not just on this blog, but in various arenas. Today, I write occasionally, but many of my pieces age unread in the folders of my computer for months or even years.

So, when Gorbachev passed, I felt an unexpected impulse to reflect on a significant period of my life. This led me back to my blog, where I found that there was much more to say, even beyond what I intended to share in this essay. And I believe those reflections are far more important than what I’m about to present. But for now, please enjoy the following.

I grew up in Communist Poland during the '70s and '80s.

For the first decade of my life, the world around me seemed stagnant. At age four, I was unaware of the political events unfolding in the Polish dockyards—events that saw 41 people killed and over 1,000 injured during strikes against the government. The Polish government, under Party Leader Władysław Gomułka, collapsed as a result of those riots and strikes. This marked the end of Gomułka’s regime and the start of Edward Gierek’s rule, which lasted for another decade.

As I’ve mentioned before, my political awareness began to awaken in 1976, when I was ten years old. That year, another wave of social unrest broke out in Poland. I was old enough to understand that the ruling party might present a united front, but that unity was not for the benefit of the working class. In fact, it was the opposite: the Communist elites had established themselves as the true owners of the means of production, running a system that, as Noam Chomsky would later call it, could be described as “State Capitalism.”

Then, in 1980, Gierek’s government was overthrown by an unprecedented wave of strikes, which led to the formation of the independent workers' union Solidarność (Solidarity). This was a pivotal moment for Poland, but it was short-lived. Just 18 months later, the Polish army was deployed to the streets. A state of war was declared by the Communist government against its own people. The brief moment of freedom was over, and tanks rolled through the streets and forcibly entered the factories where workers were on strike. Many of the Solidarity leaders were arrested, and a few managed to go into hiding, some for years.

I was 15 at the time, and though I didn’t play a major role in these events, I did participate in and even help organize small-scale protests. But as my life continued, I slowly became disillusioned with politics. Eventually, my interest in it faded altogether as my focus shifted elsewhere.

One constant during my formative years, however, was Leonid Brezhnev in the Kremlin.

It’s hard for anyone who grew up in Eastern Europe under Soviet influence not to remember his bushy eyebrows, his slow, methodical speeches, and the numerous microphones that we believed were there to provide him with oxygen, as he could barely stand at the podium in his later years. His age and deteriorating health were frequent subjects of jokes among the population—humor being, after all, one of the strongest defensive weapons for a controlled society.

Brezhnev passed away in 1982 or perhaps was removed from power by the head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, who succeeded him as leader. But for the citizens of the Soviet Union, life didn’t change much. Andropov, like Brezhnev, was aging, and his brief tenure maintained the status quo before handing over the reins to the even more decrepit Konstantin Chernenko.

When Chernenko died in 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and became, de facto, the leader of the entire country. Gorbachev was seen as a reformist within the Communist Party, but even he could not have predicted that his reforms would, in just a few short years, bring about the end of the Soviet system.

One of the major turning points occurred just a little over a year after Gorbachev’s rise to power, on April 28, 1986. At precisely 21:02, a 20-second announcement was broadcast on the Soviet TV news program Vremya: “There has been an accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. One of the nuclear reactors was damaged. The effects of the accident are being remedied. Assistance has been provided for any affected people. An investigative commission has been set up.”

At the time, I was serving a two-year term as a janitor at a military hospital due to my refusal to be drafted into the army. I worked in the pediatric clinic, preparing a mixture of berry juice and iodine to help prevent cancer, as the nuclear cloud from Chernobyl had affected our region too.

I can’t say for sure what influence Tverskys (the Jewish mystics from Chernobyl) had in this world or the next, but cracks were forming in what was one of the most repressive empires in human history. Those cracks, which had first opened in the Polish dockyards, were briefly sealed by force in 1981-82, with tanks on the streets. But the Soviet system could not withstand the impact of the Chernobyl disaster, and its collapse was inevitable.

The Communists initially tried to downplay the true scale of the catastrophe, but the era of Glasnost (openness) soon began. Gorbachev, a reformist, realized that the fallout from Chernobyl—and the ongoing effects of the event—could no longer be concealed.

Perestroika, or restructuring, was another key term that gained prominence during this period. What was initially intended to be little more than a set of cosmetic changes within the Soviet system, spurred on by the aftermath of Chernobyl, Glasnost, and a fresh wave of strikes in Poland, soon escalated into something far more significant. It ultimately led to the total collapse of both the Soviet Union and its system of governance.

In the spring of 1988, workers in Poland went on strike once again. They issued their usual demands for social democratic reforms, but this time they added a crucial call for the release of political prisoners.

By early summer, Polish Communists reached out to opposition leaders, with the mediation of the Catholic Church. Later that year, the Round Table talks were convened, and by the early spring of the following year, the negotiations culminated in a partial return to democracy and the introduction of a free-market economy.

This time, neither the Polish opposition nor the Communist Party feared the possibility of “brotherly” intervention from the Soviet Union, as had occurred in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968. On June 4, 1989, the first partially free elections took place in the Communist bloc, and Solidarity members filled all the available seats in the Polish parliament.

The Communists, by now, had come to understand that they no longer held the legitimacy to represent not just the Polish people but those across the Soviet sphere of influence. This was a pivotal moment in the unraveling of the Communist system, and it was largely due to Gorbachev’s willingness to step back and allow nations to forge their own paths.

Gorbachev, once a reformist within the Communist Party, had by then become the supervisor of an empire’s dismantling—an empire that had taken tens of millions of lives over its seven decades of existence.

The day of the Polish elections also saw a tragic contrast: in China, the Communist Party chose to crush protests in Tiananmen Square, using flame throwers to burn many of the demonstrators alive. The image of the lone protester standing before a tank in Beijing has become iconic worldwide, even in the United States.

One might have wondered: Would Gorbachev have followed the Chinese path of defending the system through violence?

Historically, Communist regimes had shown no hesitation in invading neighboring countries or even carpet-bombing their own villages to maintain control. The starvation of millions of Ukrainians during the 1930s was a brutal example of the “dictatorship of the proletariat” that Marxist ideologues endorsed. But Gorbachev chose a different path.

Instead of using force, he allowed each country and republic to take its own path to the future. And it wasn’t just the result of the Soviet Union’s crumbling economy. Empires in such a state are far more dangerous to their populations. In fact, I can’t think of a single instance in which an empire disbanded without a significant loss of life through civil wars, wars of independence, or the collapse of central authority.

As a young man living under Communist rule, like all citizens of my country, I never expected the system to end in my lifetime. I certainly never imagined that it would collapse without the kind of widespread bloodshed typically associated with the fall of empires. But against all odds, it ended—almost peacefully.

Mikhail Gorbachev is despised by many Russians today. We are witnessing an attempt to partially restore the Russian Empire. Yet, for the nations that were once conquered and controlled by the Tsar or the First Secretary of the Party, Gorbachev will remain a hero.

May Hashem bring more rulers like him, leaders who act with wisdom and compassion, in the path toward the ultimate redemption—the coming of Mashiach Tzidkenu.